Scientists in the US and Italy have used electricity to control atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) reactions, industrially significant reactions for producing plastics.
ATRP reactions allow scientists to build polymers from single units, monomers, in a piece-by-piece fashion. It is typically based on paired redox reactions between Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes.
© Krzysztof Matyjaszewski / Science
A team of scientists led by Krzysztof Matyjaszewski at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh have used electricity to tinker with the ratio of Cu(I) and Cu(II) centres during the polymerisation process. 'You can adjust the ratio and therefore control the reaction - accelerate it, slow it down or even stop it completely, simply by switching the potential,' says Matyjaszewski. 'It's battery driven ATRP'.
In ATRP reactions the exchange of electrons between Cu(I) and Cu(II) species can spontaneously stop, an event known as a radical termination. This leads to an accumulation of Cu(II), which ends the reaction. To counter this, reducing agents can be added. But this is problematic because impurities are introduced into the system. Furthermore, if the reducing agent is simply more of the Cu(I) complex, which is often the case, this can lead to toxic levels of copper that must be disposed of later. The team found that changing the potential to a more negative value favoured Cu(I) and increased the rate. Changing it to a less negative favoured Cu(II) and slowed the reaction down.
Furthermore, using electricity instead of reducing agents to control ATRP meant that impurities were eradicated. In addition, the team reduced 100-fold the amount of copper used to 50-100ppm, resulting in a greener, less-toxic ATRP route.
'The success of this new approach to polymerisation control affords a fascinating platform for material design while solving challenges such as reduction in catalyst loading, air sensitivity of the polymerisation and accurate control of the kinetics,' says Craig Hawker, an expert in ATRP from the University of California, Santa Barbara, in the US. 'External control over the process represents a landmark achievement that will inspire others at the exciting interface of electrochemistry and polymer synthesis.'
Meanwhile, Matyjaszewski hopes that the simplicity of the method will mean it can be scaled up for industrial use. 'It is versatile, so we plan to use different metal complexes, not just copper, such as iron, which is less toxic generally,' he says. 'We also hope to use this method to grow polymers from proteins and enzymes as well.'
Mike Brown
RSC
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